Sociedad civil global pide a FMI eliminar perjudiciales sobrecargos

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Directorio Ejecutivo
Fondo Monetario Internacional
700 19th Street NW

Washington, DC 20431

Estimados miembros del Directorio Ejecutivo del FMI,

En las Reuniones Anuales del año pasado, la Presidenta del Comité Monetario y Financiero Internacional, la Sra. Nadia Calviño, declaró que el Fondo “considerará una revisión de la política de sobretasas”. A medida que se acercan las Reuniones de Primavera de 2024, entendemos que El Directorio Ejecutivo tiene la intención de cumplir con este compromiso y pronto llevará a cabo reuniones para determinar el futuro de esta controvertida política.

Nos alientan estas señales y apreciamos la disposición del Fondo para abordar esta demanda de larga data de una gran mayoría de miembros accionistas del FMI, académicos y sociedad civil. Ahora, nosotros, las organizaciones abajo firmantes, escribimos para instarles a que aprovechen esta oportunidad para poner fin de una vez a esta política de sobretasas dañina y contraproducente.

Los argumentos contra las sobretasas ya se han expuesto muchas veces. Esta política — que impone tasas adicionales de hasta 300 puntos básicos a los países con niveles elevados o prolongados de crédito pendiente — es claramente procíclica. Al castigar a los países fuertemente endeudados con deuda adicional, las sobretasas aumentan los costos de endeudamiento; agravan (en lugar de aliviar) las cargas de deuda onerosas; y desvían recursos valiosos de las inversiones en desarrollo, acción climática, salud o educación. Por lo tanto, la política de sobretasas contribuye a las tendencias de aumento de malestar social y político reconocidas por el Fondo como un riesgo para la economía mundial. También desatiende las advertencias sobre la urgente necesidad de un sistema multilateral más legítimo y equitativo en la Nueva Agenda de Paz del Secretario General de la ONU.

Desde el año 2019 hasta el 2023, el número de países que pagan sobretasas se duplicó de 8 a 16. Este año, ese número ha aumentado a 22*. Esta alarmante trayectoria probablemente continuará a medida que más países recurran al Fondo en busca de financiamiento ante la aceleración de las crisis de deuda y climática.

El FMI aún no ha proporcionado evidencia de que las sobretasas desincentiven la dependencia del crédito del FMI. De hecho, el creciente número de países sujetos a sobretasas demuestra lo contrario. La otra justificación de las sobretasas — que son una fuente necesaria de ingresos para los saldos precautorios del FMI — no sólo es directamente contraria a la misión del FMI, como ha señalado el Premio Nobel de Economía Joseph Stiglitz, sino que además es inexacta. 

Desde que la sociedad civil comenzó a plantear sus preocupaciones, la oposición a la política de sobretasas del Fondo se ha ampliado considerablemente. El G77 y China, representando a casi todas las naciones del Sur Global, presidente del G20 Lula da Silva, Expertos en derechos humanos de la ONU, economistas destacados, el Grupo de Respuesta a la Crisis Mundial de la ONU, Secretario General de la ONU António Guterres, docenas de ex jefes de estado y de gobierno, cientos de organizaciones de la sociedad civil, y muchos más, han pedido al Fondo que suspenda o elimine las sobretasas.

A medida que la carga de las sobretasas y las demandas mundiales para ponerles fin continúan creciendo, queda claro que este camino no es sostenible. Ya no es cuestión de si se debe poner fin a esta política injusta e injustificable, sino cuándo. Les instamos a actuar ahora.

Atentamente,

Mira la lista de adhesiones:

Organizations

1. «Green Armenia» Environmental Educational NGO, Armenia
2. 11.11.11, Belgium
3. 350.org, International
4. AbibiNsroma Foundation, Ghana
5. ACCIÓN ECOLÓGICA, Ecuador
6. Acción Jurídica Popular, Ecuador
7. ACEP, Portugal
8. ActionAid Australia, Australia
9. ActionAid International, International
10. Adéquations, France
11. Africa Development Interchange Network (ADIN), Cameroon
12. Africa Forum And Network On Debt And Development (AFRODAD), International
13. African Coalition on Green Growth(ACGG), Botswana
14. Agens, Switzerland
15. Ahmed Elseidi Law Firm, Egypt
16. Aid/Watch, Australia
17. Ajudeca, Angola
18. Akina Mama wa Afrika, Uganda
19. Al Bawsala, Tunisia
20. Alternative Law Collective (ALC), Pakistan 
21. ALTSEAN-Burma, Burma
22. Amis de l’Afrique Francophone- Benin (AMAF-BENIN), Benin
23. Apostolic Ministerial International Network, Ghana
24. Asian Peoples’ Movement on Debt and Development, Philippines
25. Asociación Civil por la Igualdad y la Justicia (ACIJ Argentina), Argentina
26. Association de Lutte contre les Violences faites aux femmes et aux filles Extrême Nord Cameroun (ALVF EN), Cameroon
27. Association Djazairouna des familles victimes du terrorisme, Algeria
28. Association femme militante, Morocco
29. Association For Promoting Sustainable Development, India
30. Association intermédiaires pour le développement durable, Morocco
31. Association jeunes pour jeunes (AJJ), Morocco
32. Association LaSiesta pour la protection de l’environnement, Morocco
33. Association Tunisienne de Droit du Développement, Tunisia
34. Associazione Iroko Onlus, Italy
35. ATCP (Association Tunisienne des Contrôleurs Publics), Tunisia
36. ATED (Association Talassemtane pour environnement et développement), Morocco
37. Bangladesh Institute of Human Rights (BIHR), Bangladesh
38. Bank Climate Advocates, United States
39. Bank Information Center, United States
40. Barranquilla+20, Colombia
41. Biosophia NGO, Armenia
42. BNSK- Bangladesh Nari Sramik Kendra(Bangladesh Women Workers Association), Bangladesh
43. Both ENDS, Netherlands
44. Bretton Woods Project, United Kingdom
45. CADTM France, France
46. CADTM Pakistan, Pakistan
47. CAFOD, United Kingdom
48. Carbone Guinée, Guinea
49. Caribbean Policy Development Centre (CPDC), Barbados
50. CCFD – Terre Solidaire, France
51. CEDECAM/LATINDADD, Nicaragua
52. Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), United States
53. Center for Economic and Social Development, Azerbaijan
54. Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR), International
55. Center for Egyptian Women’s Legal Assistance (CEWLA), Egypt
56. Centre de Développement de la Région de Tensift, Morocco
57. Centre for Citizens Conserving Environment & Management (CECIC), Uganda 
58. Centre for Economic Strategy, Ukraine
59. Centre for Financial Accountability, India
60. Centre for Human Rights and Climate Change Research, Nigeria
61. Centre for Muslim Youth In Peace And Development, Ghana
62. Centro de Derechos Económicos y Sociales — CDES, Ecuador
63. Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS), Argentina
64. Changemaker Norway, Norway
65. Christian Aid, United Kingdom
66. Citizen’s Network For Community Development Zambia, Zambia
67. Civil Society SDGs Campaign GCAP Zambia, Zambia
68. Climate Finance Group for Latin America and the Caribbean, International
69. Climate Watch Thailand, Thailand
70. CNCD-11.11.11, Belgium
71. Co-ordination Office of the Austrian Bishops’ Conference for International Development and Mission (KOO), Austria
72. COAST Foundation, Bangladesh
73. Common Action Forum, Spain
74. Community Resource Centre, Thailand
75. Community settlement and Development Action (COSDA), Somalia
76. CONICET, Argentina
77. Coordinadora Civil de Nicaragua, Nicaragua
78. CORE, Nigeria
79. Crofter Foundation, Pakistan
80. CROSOL, Croatia
81. Debt for Climate South Africa, South Africa
82. Debt Justice Norway, Norway
83. debtWATCH Indonesia, Indonesia
84. Democratic Socialists of America, International Committee, United States
85. Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), Fiji
86. Dillinger Franziskanerinnen, Germany
87. Diverse Voices and Action (DIVA) for Equality, Fiji
88. Dorad Charity organisation, Italy
89. EcoClimate Vision, Congo, Democratic Republic of the
90. Ecology Africa Foundation, South Africa
91. Economistas sin Fronteras, Spain
92. EDER (Environnement, Développement et Énergies renouvelables), Guinea
93. Egyptian Human Rights Forum (EHRF), Egypt
94. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), Egypt
95. Ekumenická akademie (Ecumenical Academy), Czech Republic
96. Entraide et Fraternité, Belgium
97. ENVIRONICS TRUST, India
98. Equidad de Género: Ciudadanía, Trabajo y Familia, Mexico
99. erlassjahr.de, Deutschland
100. ESCR-Net, International
101. Espace de Solidarité et de Coopération de l’Oriental, Morocco
102. Estonian Roundtable for Development Cooperation, Estonia
103. Eurodad, International
104. EuroMed Rights, International
105. Extinction Rebellion Auderghem, Belgium
106. Fight Inequality Alliance, International
107. Financial Justice Ireland, Ireland
108. Focus of Disabled Persons, Kenya
109. Focus on the Global South, Thailand
110. Fondazione Proclade Internazionale-Onlus, Italy
111. FORUM DES CONTRIBUTIONS Maroc Coalition Dignite et Droits des Femmes MENA., Morocco
112. Forum Solidaridad Perú – FSP, Peru
113. Forum Tunisien pour les Droits Économiques et Sociaux, Tunisia
114. FOSDEH, Honduras
115. Foundation for the Conservation of the Earth, FOCONE, Nigeria
116. Freedom from Debt Coalition, Philippines
117. Friends of the Disabled Association, Lebanon
118. Friends of the Earth US, United States
119. Friends with Environment in Development, Uganda
120. Fundación Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (FARN), Argentina
121. Fundación Moneda y Sociedad, Ecuador
122. Fundacion SES, Argentina
123. FUNSALPRODESE, El Salvador
124. Gatef organization, Egypt
125. GDMR- Grupo Para o Desenvolvimento da Mulher e Rapariga, Mozambique
126. Gender Action, United States
127. Gender-Based Violence As A Public Health Issue, Nigeria
128. Génération contre la marginalisation, Tunisia
129. Gestos, Brazil
130. Global Call to Action Against Poverty (GCAP), Belgium
131. Global Justice Now, United Kingdom
132. Global Learning for Sustainability (GLS), Uganda
133. Global Policy Forum, International
134. Global Policy Forum Europe, Germany
135. Global Social Justice, Switzerland
136. Good Health Community Programmes, Kenya
137. GOSCOP, Angola
138. Greater Purpose Development Organization Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
139. Greater Purpose for Development, Sierra Leone
140. Green Advocates International (Liberia), Liberia
141. Green Tax Youth Africa, Ghana
142. Groupe de Réflexion et d’Initiative pour l’Avancement de la Grand’Anse (GRIAG), Haiti
143. Grupo de Estudios en Finanzas Internacionales (GEFI) / Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Argentina
144. Hayat-RASED Center Jordan, Jordan
145. IBON International, International
146. IDdecoCR, Costa Rica
147. Initiative Citoyenne pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable-ICED, Burundi
148. Institute for Economic Justice, South Africa
149. Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting, Ukraine
150. Institute for Political Economy, Sri Lanka
151. Institute of Analysis and Advocacy, Ukraine
152. International Federation of Social Workers, Switzerland
153. International Women’s Rights Action Watch Asia Pacific (IWRAW AP), Malaysia
154. Iroko Charity Organisation, Nigeria
155. ISER – Initiative for Social and Economic Rights, Uganda
156. ITUC / Global Unions Washington Office, United States
157. Jamaa Resource Initiatives, Kenya
158. Jubilee Debt Campaign UK, United Kingdom
159. Jubilee Scotland, Scotland
160. Jubilee USA, United States
161. Justice is Global, United States
162. JusticeMakers Bangladesh, Bangladesh
163. KRuHA – People’s coalition for the right to water, Indonesia
164. La Raíz – Pensamiento Crítico (Ec), Ecuador
165. Labour and Social Studies Group, South Africa
166. LATINDADD, Peru
167. Ligue des droits de l’Homme (LDH), France
168. MenaFem Movement for Economic Development and Ecological Justice, International
169. MenEngage Global Alliance, United States
170. Migrant Forum in Asia, Philippines
171. Mouvement pour la démocratie paritaire, Morocco
172. Movimiento Laudato Si, Peru
173. Movimiento Tzuk Kim pop, Guatemala
174. Mozambican Association for Active Citizenship, Mozambique
175. National Campaign for Sustainable Development Nepal, Nepal
176. National Society of Conservationists – Friends of the Earth Hungary, Hungary
177. Natural Justice, South Africa
178. New Rules for Global Finance, United States
179. NGO «Ekoltava», Ukraine
180. NGO ASRAD (Appui Solidaire Pour le Renforcement de L’aide Au Develolppement), Mali
181. NGO Forum on the ADB, International
182. NGO: ADET, Togo
183. Observatoire d’etudes et d’appui a la responsabilite sociale et environnementale (OEARSE), Congo, Democratic Republic of the
184. Observatori del Deute en la Globalitzacio, Spain
185. Oikos – Cooperação e Desenvolvimento, Portugal
186. Oil Change International, United States
187. ONG EDER (Environnement, Developpement et Energies Renouvelables), Guinea
188. Organisation Guinéenne des Droits et Devoirs du Citoyen (OGDDC), Guinea
189. Organisation paysanne pour le developpement durable, Congo, Democratic Republic of the
190. Organizata Politike, Albania
191. Oxfam International, International
192. Oyu Tolgoi Watch, Mongolia
193. Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum, Pakistan
194. Pakistan Kissan Rabita Committee, Pakistan
195. Palestinian Human Rights Organization (PHRO), Lebanon
196. Partido Socialista Auténtico Federación Corrientes, Argentina
197. Partners In Health, International
198. Phenix Center for Economic and Informatics Studies, Jordan
199. Philippine Misereor Partnership Inc. (PMPI), Philippines
200. PHM Kenya, Kenya
201. Plateforme Française Dette et Développement (PFDD), France
202. Plateforme nationale des Citoyens Unis pour le Développement (PCUD), Guinea
203. Policy Research Institute for Equitable Development (PRIED), Pakistan
204. Press Freedom Advocacy Association, Iraq
205. Programa Gobernanza sobre el Cambio Climatico, Costa Rica
206. Project on Organizing, Development, Education, and Research (PODER), Mexico
207. PWESCR, India
208. RDPI, Pakistan
209. Reacción Climática, Bolivia
210. Realizing Sexual and Reproductive Justice, International
211. Recourse, Netherlands
212. Red de Justicia Fiscal de America Latina y El Caribe, International
213. Red Latinoamericana por Justicia Económica y Social – LATINDADD, International
214. Red Mexicana de Acción frente al Libre Comercio (RMALC), Mexico
215. ReFocus Consulting, Canada
216. RENICC, Nicaragua
217. Right to Education Initiative, International
218. Rivers without Boundaries Coalition Mongolia, Mongolia
219. Rural Area Development Programme (RADP), Nepal
220. Rural Development Policy Institute (RDPI), Pakistan
221. Rural Reconstruction Nepal, Nepal
222. Servicios Ecumenicos para Reconciliacion y Reconstruccion, United States
223. Shirakat – Partnership for Development, Pakistan
224. Sisters of Charity Federation, United States
225. SocDevJustice, Germany
226. Social Justice Platform, Egypt
227. Social Scientists’ Association, Sri Lanka
228. Society for International Development, International
229. Solidarité des Femmes sur le Fleuve Congo, Congo, Democratic Republic of the
230. South Asia Alliance for Poverty Eradication (SAAPE), Nepal
231. South Asia Tax and Fiscal Justice Network (SATaFJA), Nepal
232. South Feminist Futures, International
233. Southern Africa People’s Solidarity Network (SAPSN), International
234. Stichting Projekta, Suriname
235. Stop TB USA, United States
236. SWORD, Pakistan
237. The Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, Egypt
238. The Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (IBVM) – Loreto Generalate, International
239. The Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation, Sweden
240. The Norwegian Solidarity Commitee for Latin-America (LAG), Norway
241. THE ROADMAP FOR PEACEFUL JUST AND INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES, Nigeria
242. The Sentry, United States
243. The Society for Children Orphaned By AIDS Inc. (SOCOBA), United States
244. Third World Network (TWN), International
245. Training and Research Support Centre, Zimbabwe
246. Uganda Debt Network, Uganda
247. UNISC International, Japan
248. Unlad Kabayan, Philippines
249. Upeo social justice center, Kenya
250. urgewald e.V., Germany
251. Vikas Adhyayan Kendra, India
252. VILUTHU, Sri Lanka
253. VIVAT International, United States
254. Voces, Ecuador
255. VWA FANM AYISYÈN (VFA), Haiti
256. WECF International, Netherlands
257. Wedyan Association For Society Development, Yemen
258. WEED – World Economy, Ecology and Development, Germany
259. Wemos, The Netherlands
260. Win Without War, United States
261. WomanHealth Philippines, Philippines
262. Womankind Worldwide, International
263. Women Empowerment Against Poverty of Nepal (WEAPoN), Nepal
264. Women Media and Development, Palestine
265. Women’s Budget Group, United Kingdom
266. Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO), United States
267. World Economy, Ecology & Development (WEED), Germany
268. Yemen Organization for Promoting Integrity, Yemen
269. Yemeni Observatory for Human Rights, Yemen
270. Youth Leader, Yemen
271. Zukunftskonvent Germany, Germany
272. Zurgaan buudal ngo, Mongolia
273. الجمعية التةنسية للحوكمة المحلية, Tunisia
274. المركز الفلسطيني لاستقلال المحاماه والقضاء -مساواه -, Palestine
275. جمعية الشباب لأجل الشباب, Morocco
276. جيل ضد التهميش, Tunisia
277. مركز ريادة CLER, Morocco
278. منظمة وسط رؤية Amid Vision Organisation, Tunisia
279. منظمه شؤون المراه والطفل, Iraq
280. وسط رؤية Amid Vision, Tunisia

Individuals (Affiliations for identification purposes only)

1. Aboubacar Sylla, Plateforme nationale des Citoyens Unis pour le Développement (PCUD), Guinea
2. Adrian Falco, Argentina
3. Adriana Lopez, Equidad de Genero ciudadania trabajo y familia, Mexico
4. Agostina Costantino, Argentina’s National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina
5. Alan B. Cibils, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina
6. Alejandro Gabriel Manzo, CONICET, Argentina
7. Alexandra Lopes, Réseau International des Droits Humains – Europe, Belgium
8. Alfredo F. Calcagno, Ex funcionario de las Naciones Unidas, Argentina
9. Alice Cellamare, Germany
10. Amina, University California, Davis, Nigeria
11. Andrés Araya Montezuma, Asociación Costa Rica Íntegra, Costa Rica
12. Andrés Chiriboga, SciencesPo, France
13. Andres Wainer, FLACSO/CONICET, Argentina
14. Andrew Brian Trigg, The Open University, United Kingdom
15. Andrey Melnikov, Social Movement, Ukraine
16. Ania Plomien, London School of Economics, United Kingdom
17. Ausi Kibowa, ISER – Initiative for Social and Economic Rights, Uganda
18. Ayobami Ilori, The Open University UK, United Kingdom
19. Barbara Fritz, Freie Universität Berlin, De. of Economics, Germany 
20. Barry Lalley, Papua New Guinea
21. Bashar Awad, Phenix Center, Jordan
22. Bruno Bonizzi, University of Hertfordshire Business School, United Kingdom
23. Celine Tan, School of Law, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
24. Chawki Saidani, Tunisia
25. Christina Laskaridis, Open University, United Kingdom
26. Christine Pagnouelle, ATTAC, Belgium
27. Christopher Cramer, SOAS, University of London, United Kingdom
28. Colin Murphy, Democratic Socialists of America – International Committee, United States
29. Damairia Pakpahan, Yayasan Perlindungan Insani Indonesia, Indonesia
30. Daniel Bradlow, University of Pretoria, South Africa
31. Daniel Tietzer, United States
32. David Hallowes, groundWork, South Africa
33. David Sogge, Transnational Institute, Netherlands
34. Diana Strassmann, Rice University, United States
35. Diane Elson, Women’s Budget Group, United Kingdom
36. Diego Fernando Ramos Flor, Independiente, Ecuador
37. Dinah Musindarwezo, Womankind Worldwide, Kenya
38. Dr. Juliet Allen, University of Kent, UK, United Kingdom
39. Dr. Klaus Urgast, Germany
40. Elisa Van Waeyenberge, SOAS University of London, United Kingdom
41. Emilie Rutledge, The Open University, United Kingdom
42. Farah Al Shami, Arab Reform Initiative (ARI), Lebanon
43. Fatima Seedat, University of Cape Town, South Africa
44. Fiza Qureshi, Big Shift Global, Pakistan
45. Frances Stewart, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
46. Francisco Cantamutto, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur (UNS-CONICET), Argentina
47. Gabriel Rodríguez Unda, DesBorde EC, Ecuador
48. Gevorg Petrosyan, NGO Biosophia, Armenia
49. Ghrmawit Haile, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
50. Gilgamesh Hussein, Research and Development (R&D R+D), Switzerland
51. Hossam Mohamed hany Mohamed Ali, Egypt 
52. Ilene Grabel, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, United States
53. Imalingat Mary gorretty, Raising Hope initiative Uganda, Uganda
54. Isaac Agyiri, TJNA, Ghana
55. Jan Reynders, Jan Reynders Gender Justice & Sustainable Development Consultancy, Netherlands
56. Jane Cowan, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
57. Jay Ginn, Womens budget group, and national pensioners convention, United Kingdom
58. Jennie C Stephens, Northeastern University, United States
59. Jerome De Henau, The Open University, United Kingdom
60. Jessica Mandanda, Feminist Macroeconomics Alliance Malawi, Malawi
61. Joan Budd, DSA, United States
62. John Oladejo Oluwaleye, Nigeria
63. Jozami Alberto Agustín, Cátedra Economía Política Fac. Derecho Universidad Nacional de Rosario – ARGENTINA, Argentina
64. Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, Researcher, CONICET, Argentina
65. Judith Emanuel, United Kingdom
66. Judith Wedderburn, Independent advocate, Jamaica
67. Julia Chukwuma, Open University, UK, United Kingdom
68. Karim Tarek, Shamseya, Egypt
69. Karina Patricio Ferreira Lima, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
70. Kevin Deane, The Open University, United Kingdom
71. Laura Clerico, UBA, Argentina
72. Laurence Harris, SOAS, University of London, United Kingdom
73. Lena Lavinas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Brazil
74. Liam Clegg, University of York, United Kingdom
75. Lorena Lombardozzi, The Open University, United Kingdom
76. Machiko Nissanke, SOAS, University of London, United Kingdom
77. Manuela Picq, Amherst College, France
78. María Julia Eliosoff, Sociedad de Economía Crítica – EEF, Argentina
79. María Karina, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina
80. Mario Galvan, Peace Action, United States
81. Mehwish, Pakistan fisherfolk forum, Pakistan 
82. Mellen Masea, United States
83. Miguel de Barros, Tiniguena, Guinea Bissau
84. Mizan R Khan, LDC UNiversities Consortium on Climate Change (LUCCC), Bangladesh
85. Mohammed Naih, Morocco
86. Mostafa Hussein, Finance in Motion, Germany
87. Mr Banda, Zimbabwe
88. Muhammad Hasnain Yousaf, State Bank of Pakistan, Pakistan
89. Naih, Massarat pour le developement, Morocco
90. Nancy Cardoso, Universidade Metodista de Angola, Angola
91. Nassira khamlichi, Association femme militante, Morocco
92. Nathalie Marins, UNICAMP, Brazil
93. Noemi Brenta, CONICET, Argentina
94. Oscar Ugarteche, UNAM/Latindadd, Mexico
95. Ourania Dimakou, URJC, Spain
96. Paolo Bernardi, Selezioni Inc, United States
97. Professor James Putzel, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
98. Ramzi Laamouri, Observatoire de la souveraineté alimentaire et de l’environnement, Tunisia
99. Ricardo de Figueiredo Summa, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
100. Roberto Ruiz Blum, Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador 
101. Roberto Simonetti, Open University, United Kingdom
102. Rocío Valdeavellano, Movimiento Ciudadano frente al Cambio Climático, Peru
103. Ronald Labonte, University of Ottawa, Canada
104. Rosario, Carmelitas Misioneras, Peru
105. Ruth Jebet Rotich, Ruth Rotich & Company Advocates, Kenya
106. Santiago del Hierro, None, Ecuador 
107. Sarnai, Khovd gol NGO, Mongolia
108. Semjidmaa  Choijil, Psychological Responsiveness NGO, Mongolia
109. Sergio Arelovich, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
110. Sergio Martín Páez, UFOP, Argentina
111. Sergio Páez, UFRJ, Argentina
112. Shahanur Islam, Bangladesh Institute of Human Rights (BIHR), Bangladesh
113. Sheuly Akter, UNDRR ONEA & GETI community and IFRC, Bangladesh 
114. Sizaltina Cutaia, Ondjango Feminista, Angola 
115. Sukhgerel Dugersuren, Oyu Tolgoi Watch, Mongolia
116. Susan Himmelweit, Open University, United Kingdom
117. Susan Newman, The Open University, United Kingdom
118. Takoua Yahyaoui, D4C TUNISIA, Tunisia
119. Teresa Ashe, The Open University, United Kingdom
120. Teresa Kotturan, Sisters of Charity Federation, United States
121. Ulrich Volz, SOAS, University of London, United Kingdom
122. Umesh Upadhyaya, National Labour Academy, Nepal
123. Wafaa Ashry, Masr 360, Egypt
124. Wolfgang Lippel, Germany
125. Wolfgang Schonecke, NAD, Germany
126. Yannis Dafermos, SOAS University of London, United Kingdom
127. Yehia Darwish, OlX Egypt, Egypt
128. Yuliya Yurchenko, University of Greenwich, Ukraine
129. سيد المنسي, فرد, Egypt
130. مها قابيل, مترجمة حرة, Egypt

CSOs call on the IMF to end harmful surcharges

LEE EN CASTELLANO

Executive Board
International Monetary Fund
700 19th Street NW

Washington, DC 20431

Dear members of the IMF Executive Board,

At last year’s Annual Meetings, Chair of the International Monetary and Financial Committee Ms. Nadia Calviño stated that the Fund “will consider a review of surcharge policies.” As the 2024 Spring Meetings approach, it is our understanding that the Executive Board plans to make good on this commitment, and will soon hold discussions to determine the future of this controversial policy.

We are encouraged by these signs, and appreciate the Fund’s willingness to engage with this longstanding   demand from a large majority of IMF’s shareholders, academics and civil society. Now, we, the undersigned organizations, write to urge you to use this opportunity to put an end to this harmful and counterproductive surcharge policy once and for all.

The case against surcharges has been made many times before. This policy — which levies additional fees of up to 300 basis points on countries with high or longstanding levels of outstanding credit — is plainly procyclical. By punishing heavily indebted countries with additional debt, surcharges increase borrowing costs; exacerbate (rather than alleviate) onerous debt burdens; and divert valuable resources from investments in development, climate action, health, or education. The surcharges policy therefore contributes to the trends of increased  social and political unrest recognised by the Fund as a risk to the global economy. It also disregards warnings about the urgent need for a more legitimate and equitable multilateral system in the UN Secretary General’s New Agenda for Peace.

From 2019 to 2023, the number of countries paying surcharges doubled from 8 to 16. This year, that number has jumped to 22.* This alarming trajectory is likely to continue as more and more countries resort to the Fund for financing in the face of accelerating debt and climate crises.

The IMF has yet to provide any evidence that surcharges disincentivize reliance on IMF credit. Indeed, the growing number of countries subject to surcharges is evidence to the contrary. The other justification for surcharges — that they are a necessary source of income for the IMF’s precautionary balances — is not only directly counter to the IMF’s mission, as Nobel Laureate economist Joseph Stiglitz has pointed out, but is also inaccurate. 

Since civil society first began raising concerns, opposition to the Fund’s surcharge policy has expanded considerably. The G77 and China, representing nearly every nation in the Global South, G20 chair Lula da Silva, UN human rights experts, leading economists, the UN Global Crisis Response Group, UN Secretary-General António Guterres, dozens of former heads of state and government, hundreds of civil society organizations, and many more, have all called on the Fund to suspend or eliminate surcharges.

As the burden of surcharges and global demands to end them both continue to grow, it is clear that this path is not sustainable. It is no longer a question of whether to end this unjust and unjustifiable policy, but when. We urge you to act now.

Sincerely,

Signature list:

Organizations

1. «Green Armenia» Environmental Educational NGO, Armenia
2. 11.11.11, Belgium
3. 350.org, International
4. AbibiNsroma Foundation, Ghana
5. ACCIÓN ECOLÓGICA, Ecuador
6. Acción Jurídica Popular, Ecuador
7. ACEP, Portugal
8. ActionAid Australia, Australia
9. ActionAid International, International
10. Adéquations, France
11. Africa Development Interchange Network (ADIN), Cameroon
12. Africa Forum And Network On Debt And Development (AFRODAD), International
13. African Coalition on Green Growth(ACGG), Botswana
14. Agens, Switzerland
15. Ahmed Elseidi Law Firm, Egypt
16. Aid/Watch, Australia
17. Ajudeca, Angola
18. Akina Mama wa Afrika, Uganda
19. Al Bawsala, Tunisia
20. Alternative Law Collective (ALC), Pakistan 
21. ALTSEAN-Burma, Burma
22. Amis de l’Afrique Francophone- Benin (AMAF-BENIN), Benin
23. Apostolic Ministerial International Network, Ghana
24. Asian Peoples’ Movement on Debt and Development, Philippines
25. Asociación Civil por la Igualdad y la Justicia (ACIJ Argentina), Argentina
26. Association de Lutte contre les Violences faites aux femmes et aux filles Extrême Nord Cameroun (ALVF EN), Cameroon
27. Association Djazairouna des familles victimes du terrorisme, Algeria
28. Association femme militante, Morocco
29. Association For Promoting Sustainable Development, India
30. Association intermédiaires pour le développement durable, Morocco
31. Association jeunes pour jeunes (AJJ), Morocco
32. Association LaSiesta pour la protection de l’environnement, Morocco
33. Association Tunisienne de Droit du Développement, Tunisia
34. Associazione Iroko Onlus, Italy
35. ATCP (Association Tunisienne des Contrôleurs Publics), Tunisia
36. ATED (Association Talassemtane pour environnement et développement), Morocco
37. Bangladesh Institute of Human Rights (BIHR), Bangladesh
38. Bank Climate Advocates, United States
39. Bank Information Center, United States
40. Barranquilla+20, Colombia
41. Biosophia NGO, Armenia
42. BNSK- Bangladesh Nari Sramik Kendra(Bangladesh Women Workers Association), Bangladesh
43. Both ENDS, Netherlands
44. Bretton Woods Project, United Kingdom
45. CADTM France, France
46. CADTM Pakistan, Pakistan
47. CAFOD, United Kingdom
48. Carbone Guinée, Guinea
49. Caribbean Policy Development Centre (CPDC), Barbados
50. CCFD – Terre Solidaire, France
51. CEDECAM/LATINDADD, Nicaragua
52. Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR), United States
53. Center for Economic and Social Development, Azerbaijan
54. Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR), International
55. Center for Egyptian Women’s Legal Assistance (CEWLA), Egypt
56. Centre de Développement de la Région de Tensift, Morocco
57. Centre for Citizens Conserving Environment & Management (CECIC), Uganda 
58. Centre for Economic Strategy, Ukraine
59. Centre for Financial Accountability, India
60. Centre for Human Rights and Climate Change Research, Nigeria
61. Centre for Muslim Youth In Peace And Development, Ghana
62. Centro de Derechos Económicos y Sociales — CDES, Ecuador
63. Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS), Argentina
64. Changemaker Norway, Norway
65. Christian Aid, United Kingdom
66. Citizen’s Network For Community Development Zambia, Zambia
67. Civil Society SDGs Campaign GCAP Zambia, Zambia
68. Climate Finance Group for Latin America and the Caribbean, International
69. Climate Watch Thailand, Thailand
70. CNCD-11.11.11, Belgium
71. Co-ordination Office of the Austrian Bishops’ Conference for International Development and Mission (KOO), Austria
72. COAST Foundation, Bangladesh
73. Common Action Forum, Spain
74. Community Resource Centre, Thailand
75. Community settlement and Development Action (COSDA), Somalia
76. CONICET, Argentina
77. Coordinadora Civil de Nicaragua, Nicaragua
78. CORE, Nigeria
79. Crofter Foundation, Pakistan
80. CROSOL, Croatia
81. Debt for Climate South Africa, South Africa
82. Debt Justice Norway, Norway
83. debtWATCH Indonesia, Indonesia
84. Democratic Socialists of America, International Committee, United States
85. Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), Fiji
86. Dillinger Franziskanerinnen, Germany
87. Diverse Voices and Action (DIVA) for Equality, Fiji
88. Dorad Charity organisation, Italy
89. EcoClimate Vision, Congo, Democratic Republic of the
90. Ecology Africa Foundation, South Africa
91. Economistas sin Fronteras, Spain
92. EDER (Environnement, Développement et Énergies renouvelables), Guinea
93. Egyptian Human Rights Forum (EHRF), Egypt
94. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), Egypt
95. Ekumenická akademie (Ecumenical Academy), Czech Republic
96. Entraide et Fraternité, Belgium
97. ENVIRONICS TRUST, India
98. Equidad de Género: Ciudadanía, Trabajo y Familia, Mexico
99. erlassjahr.de, Deutschland
100. ESCR-Net, International
101. Espace de Solidarité et de Coopération de l’Oriental, Morocco
102. Estonian Roundtable for Development Cooperation, Estonia
103. Eurodad, International
104. EuroMed Rights, International
105. Extinction Rebellion Auderghem, Belgium
106. Fight Inequality Alliance, International
107. Financial Justice Ireland, Ireland
108. Focus of Disabled Persons, Kenya
109. Focus on the Global South, Thailand
110. Fondazione Proclade Internazionale-Onlus, Italy
111. FORUM DES CONTRIBUTIONS Maroc Coalition Dignite et Droits des Femmes MENA., Morocco
112. Forum Solidaridad Perú – FSP, Peru
113. Forum Tunisien pour les Droits Économiques et Sociaux, Tunisia
114. FOSDEH, Honduras
115. Foundation for the Conservation of the Earth, FOCONE, Nigeria
116. Freedom from Debt Coalition, Philippines
117. Friends of the Disabled Association, Lebanon
118. Friends of the Earth US, United States
119. Friends with Environment in Development, Uganda
120. Fundación Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (FARN), Argentina
121. Fundación Moneda y Sociedad, Ecuador
122. Fundacion SES, Argentina
123. FUNSALPRODESE, El Salvador
124. Gatef organization, Egypt
125. GDMR- Grupo Para o Desenvolvimento da Mulher e Rapariga, Mozambique
126. Gender Action, United States
127. Gender-Based Violence As A Public Health Issue, Nigeria
128. Génération contre la marginalisation, Tunisia
129. Gestos, Brazil
130. Global Call to Action Against Poverty (GCAP), Belgium
131. Global Justice Now, United Kingdom
132. Global Learning for Sustainability (GLS), Uganda
133. Global Policy Forum, International
134. Global Policy Forum Europe, Germany
135. Global Social Justice, Switzerland
136. Good Health Community Programmes, Kenya
137. GOSCOP, Angola
138. Greater Purpose Development Organization Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
139. Greater Purpose for Development, Sierra Leone
140. Green Advocates International (Liberia), Liberia
141. Green Tax Youth Africa, Ghana
142. Groupe de Réflexion et d’Initiative pour l’Avancement de la Grand’Anse (GRIAG), Haiti
143. Grupo de Estudios en Finanzas Internacionales (GEFI) / Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Argentina
144. Hayat-RASED Center Jordan, Jordan
145. IBON International, International
146. IDdecoCR, Costa Rica
147. Initiative Citoyenne pour l’Environnement et le Développement Durable-ICED, Burundi
148. Institute for Economic Justice, South Africa
149. Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting, Ukraine
150. Institute for Political Economy, Sri Lanka
151. Institute of Analysis and Advocacy, Ukraine
152. International Federation of Social Workers, Switzerland
153. International Women’s Rights Action Watch Asia Pacific (IWRAW AP), Malaysia
154. Iroko Charity Organisation, Nigeria
155. ISER – Initiative for Social and Economic Rights, Uganda
156. ITUC / Global Unions Washington Office, United States
157. Jamaa Resource Initiatives, Kenya
158. Jubilee Debt Campaign UK, United Kingdom
159. Jubilee Scotland, Scotland
160. Jubilee USA, United States
161. Justice is Global, United States
162. JusticeMakers Bangladesh, Bangladesh
163. KRuHA – People’s coalition for the right to water, Indonesia
164. La Raíz – Pensamiento Crítico (Ec), Ecuador
165. Labour and Social Studies Group, South Africa
166. LATINDADD, Peru
167. Ligue des droits de l’Homme (LDH), France
168. MenaFem Movement for Economic Development and Ecological Justice, International
169. MenEngage Global Alliance, United States
170. Migrant Forum in Asia, Philippines
171. Mouvement pour la démocratie paritaire, Morocco
172. Movimiento Laudato Si, Peru
173. Movimiento Tzuk Kim pop, Guatemala
174. Mozambican Association for Active Citizenship, Mozambique
175. National Campaign for Sustainable Development Nepal, Nepal
176. National Society of Conservationists – Friends of the Earth Hungary, Hungary
177. Natural Justice, South Africa
178. New Rules for Global Finance, United States
179. NGO «Ekoltava», Ukraine
180. NGO ASRAD (Appui Solidaire Pour le Renforcement de L’aide Au Develolppement), Mali
181. NGO Forum on the ADB, International
182. NGO: ADET, Togo
183. Observatoire d’etudes et d’appui a la responsabilite sociale et environnementale (OEARSE), Congo, Democratic Republic of the
184. Observatori del Deute en la Globalitzacio, Spain
185. Oikos – Cooperação e Desenvolvimento, Portugal
186. Oil Change International, United States
187. ONG EDER (Environnement, Developpement et Energies Renouvelables), Guinea
188. Organisation Guinéenne des Droits et Devoirs du Citoyen (OGDDC), Guinea
189. Organisation paysanne pour le developpement durable, Congo, Democratic Republic of the
190. Organizata Politike, Albania
191. Oxfam International, International
192. Oyu Tolgoi Watch, Mongolia
193. Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum, Pakistan
194. Pakistan Kissan Rabita Committee, Pakistan
195. Palestinian Human Rights Organization (PHRO), Lebanon
196. Partido Socialista Auténtico Federación Corrientes, Argentina
197. Partners In Health, International
198. Phenix Center for Economic and Informatics Studies, Jordan
199. Philippine Misereor Partnership Inc. (PMPI), Philippines
200. PHM Kenya, Kenya
201. Plateforme Française Dette et Développement (PFDD), France
202. Plateforme nationale des Citoyens Unis pour le Développement (PCUD), Guinea
203. Policy Research Institute for Equitable Development (PRIED), Pakistan
204. Press Freedom Advocacy Association, Iraq
205. Programa Gobernanza sobre el Cambio Climatico, Costa Rica
206. Project on Organizing, Development, Education, and Research (PODER), Mexico
207. PWESCR, India
208. RDPI, Pakistan
209. Reacción Climática, Bolivia
210. Realizing Sexual and Reproductive Justice, International
211. Recourse, Netherlands
212. Red de Justicia Fiscal de America Latina y El Caribe, International
213. Red Latinoamericana por Justicia Económica y Social – LATINDADD, International
214. Red Mexicana de Acción frente al Libre Comercio (RMALC), Mexico
215. ReFocus Consulting, Canada
216. RENICC, Nicaragua
217. Right to Education Initiative, International
218. Rivers without Boundaries Coalition Mongolia, Mongolia
219. Rural Area Development Programme (RADP), Nepal
220. Rural Development Policy Institute (RDPI), Pakistan
221. Rural Reconstruction Nepal, Nepal
222. Servicios Ecumenicos para Reconciliacion y Reconstruccion, United States
223. Shirakat – Partnership for Development, Pakistan
224. Sisters of Charity Federation, United States
225. SocDevJustice, Germany
226. Social Justice Platform, Egypt
227. Social Scientists’ Association, Sri Lanka
228. Society for International Development, International
229. Solidarité des Femmes sur le Fleuve Congo, Congo, Democratic Republic of the
230. South Asia Alliance for Poverty Eradication (SAAPE), Nepal
231. South Asia Tax and Fiscal Justice Network (SATaFJA), Nepal
232. South Feminist Futures, International
233. Southern Africa People’s Solidarity Network (SAPSN), International
234. Stichting Projekta, Suriname
235. Stop TB USA, United States
236. SWORD, Pakistan
237. The Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, Egypt
238. The Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (IBVM) – Loreto Generalate, International
239. The Kvinna till Kvinna Foundation, Sweden
240. The Norwegian Solidarity Commitee for Latin-America (LAG), Norway
241. THE ROADMAP FOR PEACEFUL JUST AND INCLUSIVE SOCIETIES, Nigeria
242. The Sentry, United States
243. The Society for Children Orphaned By AIDS Inc. (SOCOBA), United States
244. Third World Network (TWN), International
245. Training and Research Support Centre, Zimbabwe
246. Uganda Debt Network, Uganda
247. UNISC International, Japan
248. Unlad Kabayan, Philippines
249. Upeo social justice center, Kenya
250. urgewald e.V., Germany
251. Vikas Adhyayan Kendra, India
252. VILUTHU, Sri Lanka
253. VIVAT International, United States
254. Voces, Ecuador
255. VWA FANM AYISYÈN (VFA), Haiti
256. WECF International, Netherlands
257. Wedyan Association For Society Development, Yemen
258. WEED – World Economy, Ecology and Development, Germany
259. Wemos, The Netherlands
260. Win Without War, United States
261. WomanHealth Philippines, Philippines
262. Womankind Worldwide, International
263. Women Empowerment Against Poverty of Nepal (WEAPoN), Nepal
264. Women Media and Development, Palestine
265. Women’s Budget Group, United Kingdom
266. Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO), United States
267. World Economy, Ecology & Development (WEED), Germany
268. Yemen Organization for Promoting Integrity, Yemen
269. Yemeni Observatory for Human Rights, Yemen
270. Youth Leader, Yemen
271. Zukunftskonvent Germany, Germany
272. Zurgaan buudal ngo, Mongolia
273. الجمعية التةنسية للحوكمة المحلية, Tunisia
274. المركز الفلسطيني لاستقلال المحاماه والقضاء -مساواه -, Palestine
275. جمعية الشباب لأجل الشباب, Morocco
276. جيل ضد التهميش, Tunisia
277. مركز ريادة CLER, Morocco
278. منظمة وسط رؤية Amid Vision Organisation, Tunisia
279. منظمه شؤون المراه والطفل, Iraq
280. وسط رؤية Amid Vision, Tunisia

Individuals (Affiliations for identification purposes only)

1. Aboubacar Sylla, Plateforme nationale des Citoyens Unis pour le Développement (PCUD), Guinea
2. Adrian Falco, Argentina
3. Adriana Lopez, Equidad de Genero ciudadania trabajo y familia, Mexico
4. Agostina Costantino, Argentina’s National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, Argentina
5. Alan B. Cibils, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina
6. Alejandro Gabriel Manzo, CONICET, Argentina
7. Alexandra Lopes, Réseau International des Droits Humains – Europe, Belgium
8. Alfredo F. Calcagno, Ex funcionario de las Naciones Unidas, Argentina
9. Alice Cellamare, Germany
10. Amina, University California, Davis, Nigeria
11. Andrés Araya Montezuma, Asociación Costa Rica Íntegra, Costa Rica
12. Andrés Chiriboga, SciencesPo, France
13. Andres Wainer, FLACSO/CONICET, Argentina
14. Andrew Brian Trigg, The Open University, United Kingdom
15. Andrey Melnikov, Social Movement, Ukraine
16. Ania Plomien, London School of Economics, United Kingdom
17. Ausi Kibowa, ISER – Initiative for Social and Economic Rights, Uganda
18. Ayobami Ilori, The Open University UK, United Kingdom
19. Barbara Fritz, Freie Universität Berlin, De. of Economics, Germany 
20. Barry Lalley, Papua New Guinea
21. Bashar Awad, Phenix Center, Jordan
22. Bruno Bonizzi, University of Hertfordshire Business School, United Kingdom
23. Celine Tan, School of Law, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
24. Chawki Saidani, Tunisia
25. Christina Laskaridis, Open University, United Kingdom
26. Christine Pagnouelle, ATTAC, Belgium
27. Christopher Cramer, SOAS, University of London, United Kingdom
28. Colin Murphy, Democratic Socialists of America – International Committee, United States
29. Damairia Pakpahan, Yayasan Perlindungan Insani Indonesia, Indonesia
30. Daniel Bradlow, University of Pretoria, South Africa
31. Daniel Tietzer, United States
32. David Hallowes, groundWork, South Africa
33. David Sogge, Transnational Institute, Netherlands
34. Diana Strassmann, Rice University, United States
35. Diane Elson, Women’s Budget Group, United Kingdom
36. Diego Fernando Ramos Flor, Independiente, Ecuador
37. Dinah Musindarwezo, Womankind Worldwide, Kenya
38. Dr. Juliet Allen, University of Kent, UK, United Kingdom
39. Dr. Klaus Urgast, Germany
40. Elisa Van Waeyenberge, SOAS University of London, United Kingdom
41. Emilie Rutledge, The Open University, United Kingdom
42. Farah Al Shami, Arab Reform Initiative (ARI), Lebanon
43. Fatima Seedat, University of Cape Town, South Africa
44. Fiza Qureshi, Big Shift Global, Pakistan
45. Frances Stewart, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
46. Francisco Cantamutto, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur (UNS-CONICET), Argentina
47. Gabriel Rodríguez Unda, DesBorde EC, Ecuador
48. Gevorg Petrosyan, NGO Biosophia, Armenia
49. Ghrmawit Haile, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
50. Gilgamesh Hussein, Research and Development (R&D R+D), Switzerland
51. Hossam Mohamed hany Mohamed Ali, Egypt 
52. Ilene Grabel, Josef Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver, United States
53. Imalingat Mary gorretty, Raising Hope initiative Uganda, Uganda
54. Isaac Agyiri, TJNA, Ghana
55. Jan Reynders, Jan Reynders Gender Justice & Sustainable Development Consultancy, Netherlands
56. Jane Cowan, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
57. Jay Ginn, Womens budget group, and national pensioners convention, United Kingdom
58. Jennie C Stephens, Northeastern University, United States
59. Jerome De Henau, The Open University, United Kingdom
60. Jessica Mandanda, Feminist Macroeconomics Alliance Malawi, Malawi
61. Joan Budd, DSA, United States
62. John Oladejo Oluwaleye, Nigeria
63. Jozami Alberto Agustín, Cátedra Economía Política Fac. Derecho Universidad Nacional de Rosario – ARGENTINA, Argentina
64. Juan Pablo Bohoslavsky, Researcher, CONICET, Argentina
65. Judith Emanuel, United Kingdom
66. Judith Wedderburn, Independent advocate, Jamaica
67. Julia Chukwuma, Open University, UK, United Kingdom
68. Karim Tarek, Shamseya, Egypt
69. Karina Patricio Ferreira Lima, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
70. Kevin Deane, The Open University, United Kingdom
71. Laura Clerico, UBA, Argentina
72. Laurence Harris, SOAS, University of London, United Kingdom
73. Lena Lavinas, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Brazil
74. Liam Clegg, University of York, United Kingdom
75. Lorena Lombardozzi, The Open University, United Kingdom
76. Machiko Nissanke, SOAS, University of London, United Kingdom
77. Manuela Picq, Amherst College, France
78. María Julia Eliosoff, Sociedad de Economía Crítica – EEF, Argentina
79. María Karina, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina
80. Mario Galvan, Peace Action, United States
81. Mehwish, Pakistan fisherfolk forum, Pakistan 
82. Mellen Masea, United States
83. Miguel de Barros, Tiniguena, Guinea Bissau
84. Mizan R Khan, LDC UNiversities Consortium on Climate Change (LUCCC), Bangladesh
85. Mohammed Naih, Morocco
86. Mostafa Hussein, Finance in Motion, Germany
87. Mr Banda, Zimbabwe
88. Muhammad Hasnain Yousaf, State Bank of Pakistan, Pakistan
89. Naih, Massarat pour le developement, Morocco
90. Nancy Cardoso, Universidade Metodista de Angola, Angola
91. Nassira khamlichi, Association femme militante, Morocco
92. Nathalie Marins, UNICAMP, Brazil
93. Noemi Brenta, CONICET, Argentina
94. Oscar Ugarteche, UNAM/Latindadd, Mexico
95. Ourania Dimakou, URJC, Spain
96. Paolo Bernardi, Selezioni Inc, United States
97. Professor James Putzel, London School of Economics and Political Science, United Kingdom
98. Ramzi Laamouri, Observatoire de la souveraineté alimentaire et de l’environnement, Tunisia
99. Ricardo de Figueiredo Summa, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
100. Roberto Ruiz Blum, Universidad de Guayaquil, Ecuador 
101. Roberto Simonetti, Open University, United Kingdom
102. Rocío Valdeavellano, Movimiento Ciudadano frente al Cambio Climático, Peru
103. Ronald Labonte, University of Ottawa, Canada
104. Rosario, Carmelitas Misioneras, Peru
105. Ruth Jebet Rotich, Ruth Rotich & Company Advocates, Kenya
106. Santiago del Hierro, None, Ecuador 
107. Sarnai, Khovd gol NGO, Mongolia
108. Semjidmaa  Choijil, Psychological Responsiveness NGO, Mongolia
109. Sergio Arelovich, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
110. Sergio Martín Páez, UFOP, Argentina
111. Sergio Páez, UFRJ, Argentina
112. Shahanur Islam, Bangladesh Institute of Human Rights (BIHR), Bangladesh
113. Sheuly Akter, UNDRR ONEA & GETI community and IFRC, Bangladesh 
114. Sizaltina Cutaia, Ondjango Feminista, Angola 
115. Sukhgerel Dugersuren, Oyu Tolgoi Watch, Mongolia
116. Susan Himmelweit, Open University, United Kingdom
117. Susan Newman, The Open University, United Kingdom
118. Takoua Yahyaoui, D4C TUNISIA, Tunisia
119. Teresa Ashe, The Open University, United Kingdom
120. Teresa Kotturan, Sisters of Charity Federation, United States
121. Ulrich Volz, SOAS, University of London, United Kingdom
122. Umesh Upadhyaya, National Labour Academy, Nepal
123. Wafaa Ashry, Masr 360, Egypt
124. Wolfgang Lippel, Germany
125. Wolfgang Schonecke, NAD, Germany
126. Yannis Dafermos, SOAS University of London, United Kingdom
127. Yehia Darwish, OlX Egypt, Egypt
128. Yuliya Yurchenko, University of Greenwich, Ukraine
129. سيد المنسي, فرد, Egypt
130. مها قابيل, مترجمة حرة, Egypt